|Z 56 

I . D266 
[Copy 1 



PEAOTIOAL METHOD 



OF 



SHORT-HAND, 



BY 



A. L. DAVISON, 

Madison, Wisconsin. 



PRICE 50 CENTS. 



MADISON, WIS.: 
David Atwood, Printer and Stereottper. 

1880. 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 

SI .D £i l» 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



PEAOTIOAL METHOD 



OF 



SHORT-HAND, 



BY 



A. L. DAVISON, 

W 

Madison, Wisconsin. 



PRICE 50 CENTS. 



■ 



10. 



MADISON, WIS.: 
David Atwood, Pbinteb and Stereotypes. 

1880. ' 



Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1879, by 

A. L. DAVISON, 
in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



"3 



1/ 



INTRODUCTION. 



A practical method of shorthand, easy to learn and capable of 
being written with the rapidity of speech, has become not only 
a convenience but a necessity. It is not only the practical re- 
porter who must use short hand in reporting the proceedings of 
legislatures, courts, conventions and public meetings; the stu- 
dent who wishes to preserve the thoughts which come to him, 
perhaps never to return; the professional man, whose important 
duties leave him no time to keep, in the cumbrous, tedious Eng- 
lish script, memoranda which would be full enough to be of 
value, and the business man, to whom, in every sense, " Time is 
money," need the assistance of a system of short hand ; and this 
necessity has been recognized to some extent by the employment 
of short hand amanuenses in many railroad, insurance and law 
offices, and in. many business houses and establishments where 
a large amount of writing is done. By dictating to short hand 
amanuenses the work of five hours is done in one, so far as the 
principal is concerned. 

While the demand for such writers is constantly increasing, it 
can only be met by means of a short-hand method so simple, 
clear and uniform that it may be soon learned and the student 
enabled to enter upon the practice required for the attainment of 
great speed. Such a system should have no rules more honored 
in the breach than in the observance by numerous " exceptions ;" 
it should not seek to write the English language as it should be, 
but as nearly as possible as it is. In the method here offered, 
irregularities and unnecessary refinements have been avoided, 
and it is the confident belief of the author, from many years' 
experience in reporting, that only such a method can come into 
common use, or can be learned in a reasonable time by the ap- 
plication of ordinary attention and ability. 



TABLE OF SIGNS. 



Sign. 



Type. 



Sound. 



B 


be 


Ch 


e&eJi 


D 


do 


F 


if 


g 


go 


H 


he 


h 


he 


J 


jar, gem 


K 


key, can, quit 


L 


let 


M 


me 


N 


no 


)ormb 


ample, amber 


Ng 


ring 


P 


up 


R 


are 


r 


are 


S 


so 


s 


said, is 


ss 


says 


st 


fas* 


str 


faster 



Sign. 




Type. 


Sound. 






Sh 


she. 






T 


to. 






Th 


thin, them. 






V 


ever. 






W (h) 


way, whey. 






w 


way, whey. 






w 


way, whey. 






Y 


you. 






y 


you. 






y 


you. 






z 


buzz, was, 
usual. 


KSSgJ 




A a 


aim, am. 






E e 


deed, dead. 






1 i 


my, mit. 






o 


no, not. 






U u 


new, nut. 


Hh 




oi 


boy. 






ow 


now. 






au 


awl, ought. 






00 


too, took. 






wi 


wide. 






wou 


wound. 



SIGNS AND SOUNDS. 



The table of consonant and vowel signs shows the 
characters used in shorthand to represent the sounds 
forming words, the type-signs by which the shorthand 
characters will be indicated in this book, and gives ex- 
amples of words in which the sounds occur. 

It will be seen that c and x are not in the list, c being 
represented by k or s, as it has its hard or soft sound, 
and x being represented by Jcs. The same character 
represents k and qu, q being invariably followed by w, 
and the primary sound of q being k. 

C\ Ng, Sh and Th, are represented by simple signs, 
the sounds represented by such signs being simple 
sounds, although indicated by combinations in English 
spelling. G is only used for the sound of g in go. 
What is called " soft g," the sound of g in gem, is rep- 
resented by J. The same character represents mp and 
mb. 

H 7 r, s, w and y, are each provided witli more than 
one sign. Those signs will be indicated in this book by 
the type placed opposite the characters, H represent- 
ing the stroke, h the " tick," R the curve, r the straight 
stroke; S the curve, s the circle; W the stroke, w the 
gemi-circle opening to the right, w the semi-circle open- 
ing to the left; Y the stroke, y the semi-circle opening 
downward, y the semi-circle opening upward. 

Ch and r are distinguished by two differences; r is 
more inclined; Ch is written downward and r is written 
upward. 



6 

The vowel signs are never used alone as vowels, but 
always in combination with consonants, as will be 
shown hereafter. For this reason s and a may be rep- 
resented by the some sign without confusion. 

W is used to represent the sound of wh in where, 
when, etc., as well as w in won, one, etc. The circle s 
is used to represent the sound of z in many cases as in 
the common spelling, as in is, as, does, etc. 

The strokes should be of as nearly uniform length 
as possible. 

B, D, G, J, Mp, Ng, Th, V, W, Y and Z are heavy or 
" shaded," the others light strokes. 

B, F, P, R, V and W, are inclined to the left at an 
angle of 45 degrees. 

D, H, S, T, Th and Z, are perpendicular. 

Ch and J are inclined to the right at an angle of 30 
degrees. 

L, Sh and Y, are inclined to the right at an angle of 
45 degrees. 

r is inclined to the right at an angle of 60 degrees. 

Gr, K, M, N, Mp and Ng, are horizontal. 



PHONETIC SPELLING. 

Words are written in short hand by the signs given 
in the Table, which represent the sounds composing 
words, not the letters commonly used in spelling them. 
There are no " silent letters " in short hand. The sign 
representing the first consonant sound is written; to 
this is joined the sign representing the next consonant 
sound, and so until all the consonant sounds are repre- 
sented. For the representation of all words of ordinary 
occurrence this is sufficient. The forms of such words 
will be given in this book, and with such forms the 
hand and eye should be soon familiarized. In a few 
cases, which will be given, and in case of unusual or 
foreign words, vowels are also written for greater cer- 
tainty and ease of reading; but in practice vowel signs 
are used but little. By means of combinations of con- 
sonants, which will be explained, nearly every syllable 
has its peculiarly appropriate sign, and the constant use 
of vowels would be not only burdensome, but useless. 
When the use of a vowel is necessary, it is used as 
shown by the following examples. When the vowel 
precedes, it is placed at the left of a perpendicular or 
above a horizontal sign; when it follows, it is placed at 
the right of a perpendicular or below a horizontal sign. 
The vowel may be made heavy for a long, and light for 
a short sound. A list of arbitrary word-signs is also 
given. As these signs are joined to other words in 
making u phrases," two signs are given for a, an or and, 
either of which may be used as most convenient. 
When standing alone, the horizontal is preferable. The 
signs given for of and on are also used for the when 



8 



joined to other words, as will be more fully explained 
hereafter. 



Sign. 



Insertion of Vowels. 



A D-aid. 
D-U-due. 

S O-so. 

K-E-key. 

N-I-nigh. 

B-oi-boy. 

B-ow-bough. 
Sh-oo-shoe. 

wi-N-wine. 



Sign. 



Arbitrary Word-Signs. 



I. 

the. 

a, an, and. 
the (joined)-of. 

the (joined) on, should. 

to, too, two. 

or. 

now. 
new, knew. 



INITIALS. 

When initials are represented in short hand, A is rep- 
resented by the horizontal tick a, C by Ch, Gr by Gr, H 
by H, R by R (curve). 

MONOSYLLABLES. 

Words of a single syllable comprise the largest part 
of spoken or written language; and familiarity with 
their proper forms is the first and most important step 
toward acquiring speed in short hand writing. A very 
few of these woi*ds are necessarily represented by con- 
tracted forms or abbreviations. The list of monosylla- 
bles which follows shows by what sign each word is 



9 



represented, and contains the few monosyllabic contrac- 
tions which are useful. 



B 


be, by 


r 


are, our, or (or word 


Ch 


each, charge 




sign) 


D 


do, day 


S 


so, see, say 


F 


if 


s 


is, his, as, has, us 


G 


go, give 


ss 


says 


H 


had, who, whom 


st 


first 


h 


(tick) he, him 


str 


store 


J 


large 


Sh 


shall 


K 


can, come, came, court 


T 


it, at, out, ought 


L 


law, will, all 


Th 


they, them, oath, think 


M 


me, my,am, from, 


V 


have 




much 


w 


way, away 


H 


in, no 


w 


we, with 


Md 


map 


w 


what, would 


Ng 


thing, long 


Y 


ye, year, your 


P 


up, hope 


y 


you , ■ i 


R 


are, our, or (or word 


y 


you (either y or y as 




sign) 




convenient) 






z 


was 


Vowel signs as word signs 






1 


I (given in list of ar- 


ow 


how 




bitraries) 


aw 


awe, awful 





Oh 







The following contractions of words of common oc- 
currence are also useful: 



B object-eel 
Ch church 
D defendant 



J advantage, religion 
Mb mav be 



10 



SIMPLE COMBINATIONS 



are those in which the signs are simply joined together, 
the forms of the signs undergoing no change. The 
examples given in the following table will illustrate this. 

When a consonant is repeated, if it is represented by 
a straight sign, the sign may be simply made double 
length, or one sign may be written at or near the end of 
the other; if it is represented by a curved sign, the sign 
is repeated, making two curves. See K K and N N. 

No angles are made which are not necessary to pre- 
serve the distinctive forms of the signs. See N-M; L-S; 
M-N; R-Sh. 

L and Sh may be written backward or for vard, in 
order to make a convenient outline. See F-SIi; R-Sh; 
L-K; L-N. 

The circles for s, ss, st and str, are joined to strokes 
as shown; on the most convenient side of straight 
strokes, on the concave side of curves, and on the out- 
side of angles. When a circle precedes and another 
follows a straight stroke, it is easier to preserve the 
straight ness of the stroke by putting the circles on op- 
posite sides. See sKs. 

h, w, w A y and y may be joined to strokes or inserted 
in the same manner that vowels are. 

The first stroke of a word is written on or a conven- 
ient distance above the line, and the next joined to it, 
as shown, until all are written. 

In a few cases, the principle illustrated by K-K, third 
line, may be used advantageously to avoid an awkward 
joining, as D-T; F-Gr, etc., which may be joined or dis- 
joined. 



11 



TABLE OF SIMPLE COMBINATIONS. 



Sign. 



Sound. 



G G 


K K (or; 


KK 


M M 


■N N 


F. N. 


B. Ng 


P. N. 


H. N. 


Th. Ng.' 


L S 


L Sh 


M N 


N M 


R-Sh 


N Sh 


F Sh 


L K 


L M 


L N (or) 


LN 


Ch-r 



Sign. 



Sound. 



r-Ch. 
sT. 

s N s. 
st T. 

st T st. 
st N. 
N st. 
T str. 
T sK. 
r s K. 
M s K. 

sNsNs. 

sKs. 

sPs. 

hM, 

haK. 

w T. 

yL. 

wi F. 
KsPrNs. , 

sEsTsK-s. 

str K str. 



12 



The following words are best written with the vow- 
els as indicated: 



eN any 
Thes these 
Thos those 



ID idea 
eFKT effect 



The following is a list of common forms and contrac- 
tions represented by simple combinations : 



sB 


subject 


FM 


familiar 


sMb 


somebody 


rPB 


republic 


sNg 


single, singular 


KTh 


Catholic 


sV 


several 


LR 


lawyer 


Nst 


next 


Pr 


appear 


rsP 


respect 


SK 


ask 


Pss 


possess 


sK 


seek 


Pst 


post 


SN 


assign 


PsFs 


postoffice 


sN 


sign 


stT 


state 


SP 


especial 


Nss 


United States 


sP 


special 


KsM 


custom 


rG 


regular 


BNg 


bank 


rrG 


irregular 


Ns 


influence 


GD 


guide 


Dst 


distinct 


Th(e)s 


these 


DstNg 


distinguish 


Ths 


this 


TsMN 


testimony 


Th(o)s 


those 


TG 


together 


Ms 


myself 


rP 


represent 


Hs 


himself 


NV 


never 


Thss 


themselves 


NTh 


nothing 


HsV 


whosoever 


NNg 


anything 


PP 


proper-property 


NY 


New York 


PB 


probable, public 


Kstr 


extra 


PPs 


perhaps 


Ksr 


extraordinary 







13 



COMPOUND CONSONANT SIGNS. 

The strokes B, Ch, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, Mp, 
Ng, P, R, r, S, Sh, T, Th, V, W, Y and Z are modified 
as shown in the Table, for the purpose of adding r, 1, f, 
v, n, t and d, and prefixing w or wh. The principles of 
modification are illustrated in the Table by K and N, 
but all straight strokes are modified in the same manner 
as K, and all curves in fche same manner as N, and the 
principles used in modification apply uniformly and 
without exception to every full size consonant sign, the 
Golden Rule of this system being, " Whatsoever ye do 
unto one consonant, do ye even so to another." 

A stroke made twice its standard length takes the 
additional value of r, so that the double length strokes 
represent Br, Chr, Dr, Fr, Gr, Hr, Jr, Kr, Lr, Nr, Mr, 
Mpr or Mbr, Ngr, Pr, Rr, rr, Sr, Shr, Tr, Thr, Vr, Wr, 
or Whr, Yr and Zr. This lengthening is indicated in 
type by the figure 2, thus, B 2, Ch 2, etc. 

It will be remembered that the double length straight 
signs also denote repetition, as BB, etc., but as there are 
but a few words, as pipe, gag, kick, judge, in which this 
use is made of that principle, no confusion results, espe- 
cially as in case of unusual difficulty the second length 
may be disjoined and written after the first, to indicate 
repetition. (See K-K in last Table). 

A small hook at the beginning of any stroke adds 1, 
forming Bl. Chi, Dl, Fl, Gl, HI, Jl, Kl, LI, Ml, Nl, Mpl, 
Ngl, PI, Rl, rl, SI, Shi, Tl, Thl, VI, Wl, Yl, and Zl. 
This hook is represented in type by 1. This hook, like 
all other hooks, is placed on the most convenient side 
of straight letters r and on the concave side of curves. 
Being placed at the beginning of the stroke, it will ap- 



u 

pear upon the left or upper end of all strokes except L 
and r, which are written upward. When Sh follows 
another stroke, it may be written upward, when the 1 
hook will be at the lower end of Sh, that being the be- 
ginning of the stroke as written. 

A small hook at the end of any stroke adds n, form- 
ing Bn, Chn, Dn, Fn, Gn, Hn, Jn, Kn, Ln, Mn, Nn, 
Mpn, Ngn, Pn, Rn, rn, Sn, Tn, Thn, Vn, Wn, Yn and 
Zn. This hook is indicated in type by n. This hook is 
also placed on either side of a straight sign and on the 
concave side of curves. 

A large hook at the end of any stroke adds f or v 
forming Bf or Bv, Chf or Chv, Df or Dv, etc. This 
hook is written in every respect the same as the n hook, 
except that it is larger. This hook is represented by 
f or v. 

A large hook at the beginning of a stroke prefixes 
w or wh, forming the combinations w (h) B, w (h) Ch, 
w (h) D, w (h) F, etc. This hook is written in every 
respect the same as the 1 hook, except that it is larger. 
This hook is represented by w ' or wh V 

Making a stroke half its usual length gives it the ad- 
ditional value of t or d, forming the combinations Bt 
or Bd, Cht or Chd, Dt or Dd, Ft or Fd, etc. 

This half length is indicated by t or d. 

Strokes may be modified in more than one way, by 
receiving a hook at each end, and being also made 
double or half length. When a hook occurs at each 
end of a straight letter, the straightness of the stroke is 
better preserved by putting one on the right and the 
other on the left side. 

When s, ss or st precedes or follows a hooked stroke, 
it may be written inside the hook, as shown in the 
table. 



15 



TABLE OF COMPOUND CONSONANT SIGNS. 



Sign. 


Type and Valne. 


Sign! 


Typo and Yalue. 




K2 = Kr. 


IB 


N 2 = Nr. 




Kl. 


11 


Nl. 




rl. 


i 


LI. 




KShl. 


ss^^ 




\ H^" - 


Kn. 

Kf or Kv. 


H 


MShl. 

Nn. 




w'r or wh'r. 


[,:*■ J ] 


Nf or Ny. 




Kt or Kd. 


HB 


w'L or wh'L. 
NtorNd. 




Kin. 


B 


Nln. 




K12=Klr. 


I 


OT2 = ^r. 




s Kins. 


Ki-'JW 


sNlns. 




sw'kns or swh'kns 
sK12=:sKlr. 
sKl 2 ns — sKlrns. 


■ 


sw'Nns orswh'Nns 
sM2 = sNlr. 
sNl 2 ns == sMrns. 




Klnt or Kind. 
sKlnt (or d) s. 

ssKss. 


1 


NlntorNlnd. 
sMnt (or d) s. 

ssNss. 


p 1 


TsKl. 


£&■&■ 


rsMl. 




stKst. 


Bf-"; 


MK1. 




Ksts. 


mM 


N Kl. 




TstK. 


II 


MsfcT. 


Si 


TstrK. 


Ha 


str M. 



16 

When more than one modification is made of a stroke, 
the sounds indicated are read in this order: 



1, 


Circle at beginning. 


2, 


W (h) hook. 


3. 


Stroke. 


4 


1 hook. 


5. 


r double length. 


6. 


n or f-v hook. 


7. 


t or d half length. 


8. 


Circle at end. 



SYLLABICATION. 

By means of the expedients shown, a vast number of 
combinations may be made. In using these and select- 
ing the most legible outlines for words, some regard 
should be paid to the division of words into syllables. 

When the first letter of a syllable is s, it is generally 
better to use the circle^ s, st or str. When a vowel 
precedes s, the use of the stroke S is preferable. The 
forms given in the first list of words, should be strictly 
adhered to, but in other words these observations apply. 

When the first letter of a syllable is r, the straight 
letter r is generally used. Where a vowel precedes r 5 
the curved R is used. 

By these means, while the vowel itself is not shown, 
the place where the vowel occurs is indicated. 

Where w, y, wi or wou occur in a syllable, and would, 
if written, be inserted at the side of the stroke as shown 
in the Table of Simple Combinations, in the same man- 
ner that a vowel is inserted; they may, if the word is 
sufficiently legible from its consonantal outline, be 
omitted. 



17 

Thus, quiet, quite, enquire, may be represented by 
KT — Kt, and N-K 2, lawyer may be written L-R, 
etc. Whenever, however, the word is not familiar, 
the vowel signs should be used. 

Where there are words containing the same sounds, 
some of which are of one and others of more than one 
sjdlable, and the sounds may be represented by a com- 
pound consonant sign, or a stroke modified by a tick 
circle or semi-circle, or by simple signs joined; the com- 
pound signs should be used for the monosyllables, the 
simple signs joined for the polysyllables. Thus quite 
should be written Kt, quiet, K-T; true, T2, utter, T-r; 
smaller, s-Ml-r, similar, s-M-L-R; bear, B2, bury, B-r; 
fall, Fl, follow, F-L; hill, h-L, hollow, H-L; pen, Pn, 
penny, P-N; rain, rn, rainy, r-N; and so with all words 
where the same conditions exist of similarity of sou nds 
and difference in the number of syllables. The nearer 
the approach to a style of writing in which each sylla- 
ble has its representative in the shorthand outline, the 
greater will be the facility of writing and the ease of 
reading. 

Certain words assume a special importance by their 
frequency of occurrence as part of compound words. 

Of these, with, out, in, ever and under are examples. 
The form of the simple word should be retained in all 
compounds where possible. Thus, within, without, 
wherever, whenever, understand, etc., should be written 
by joining the outlines of the words of which they are 
composed. 

When a final syllable ends in ct, those sounds may 
often be omitted, as in expect, K-s-P; respect, r-s-P; 
collect, Kl; inflect, N-Fl, and in analogous words. 

In syllables ending with " nk " (having the sound of 
Ng-k), the k may be omitted, as bank, B-Ng; frank, 
2 



18 

F2-Ng; thank, Th-Ng; blank, Bl-Ng; drank, 12- 
Ng. 

The syllables, ' c ble," " bly," " bility " are represent Hi 
by B; as, miserable, M-s-r-B; tolerably, Tl-r-B; cap h 
ble, K-P-B, etc. 

" Fer " is represented by F2, " ference n by F2 s; as i i 
refer — r-F2; reference, r-F2s; infer, nF2; inference, 
n-F2-s, and similar syllables. 

" Form " is represented by F, " formance " by F-s; a ? 
in perform, P2-F; performance, P2Fs; inform, N-F. 

" Con," " com," and u cog," are represented by K, as ii 
consider, K-S-D2; commence, K-N-s; recognise, r-K-Ns 
Before K or G, " con " is more conveniently represented 
by Kn, as Kn-Kt, connect; Kn-G2-s, congress. 

" Contra," " contri " and " counter " are represented by 
K2; as contradict, K2-D-Kt or K2-D; counterbalance, 
K2-Blns. 

" Scribe," " script," " scope," and " circum " are repre- 
sented by sK; as in describe, D-s-K, manuscript, M-N-sK 
telescope, T-L-sK; circumstance, sK-s-Tns. 

"Gage," "gram," u graph," and " graphic" are repre- 
sented by Gr, as engage N-G; mortgage M2G; telegram, 
T1-G-; telegraph-ic, Tl-Gk 

" Tive " and " full " are represented by the f or v hook, 
as respective, rsP-v; respectful, rsPv. 

"Self" and " soever" are represented by s, " selves" 
by ss, as in myself, Ms, himself, Hs, themselves, Th-ss. 

" Inter," " enter," and "intro" are represented by Nt 
(half length), as in interest, Nt-sT; entertain, Nt-Tn; 
introduce, Nt-Ds. 

" Magna," " magni," etc., are represented by M-G, as 
in magnificent, MGFsNt; magnanimous, MGNMs. 

"Tion" is represented by the n hook, as in inten- 
tion, Nt-Nn; contemplation, K-T-MpLn; consideration, 



19 

KsD2n. When the n hook is inconvenient it may also 
be represented by Sh. 

"Ship/'nial," "clous' 1 and " tion " are represented 
by Sh, as in friendship, F2Nd-Sh; partial P-r-Sh; effica- 
cious, F. K. Sh. 

" Ful " is represented by F as well as by the f hook 
as in fanciful, F-TSTs-F; merciful, M2-S-F. 

In words of two or more syllables, if the legibility ot 
the outline is not impaired, a common affix may be 
omitted. In reading, the position of a word in a sen- 
tence usually indicates its grammatical relation, and by 
this the proper affix is readily supplied. Advantage is 
taken of this in writing exact-ly, K-sKt; inform-ed-a- 
tion-ing, N-F; respect-ing-able-ful-fully-ability, r-s-P; 
regular-ity, r-Gr; represent-ed-ing-ative-ation, r-P; and 
many others which will naturally follow. 

The following list of words represented by compound 
signs, in which the best form of many words of eoni- 
mom occurrence is given, contains the few abbreviated 
forms which are of use in practice, as well as a few 
common phrases: 





Double Lengths. 


B2 


remember — brother 


Ch2 


each are, cheer 


sCh2 


such are 


D2 


dear during 


F2 


for, far, offer 


G2 


agree, great 


H2 


her, here, hear, who are 


J2 


jar 


K2 


occur, car, acre 


L2 


lore, liar 


M2 


more, Mr 



20 

M2s Mrs 

Mp2 important 

Mp2s impress 

N2 near, nor, another 

P2 per, principle, principal 

P2v proof, prove 

r2 rare, rather (ra'er) 

S2 yes sir 

Nsr no sir 

T2 true, truth 

V2 ever, every 

W2 whether (whe'er) 

Sh2 share 

Th2 there, their, they are 

Th-r other 

M2Gr mortgage 

R-Mr-K remark 

L HOOKS- 

Bl bell, blow, able 

Dl deliver 

Fl fall, fail, flow 

Gl glow 

Jl general, jail 

Kl equal, difficult-y 

Ml mail 

Nl only 

PI pull, play 

rl rail, real 

Tl(orT-L) tell 

VI value 

Yl yell 

r-Kl-K recollect 

Kl-K o'clock 



21 



N HOOKS. 

Bn been, objection 

Chn chain 

Dn done, addition 

(e)Dn edition 

KDn condition 

Fn fine, fun 

Fnd find 

F(ou)nd found 

(The vowel should generally be written.) 

Gn again 

Kn action 

Mn man, motion 

M-Shn machine 

Mp-2n impression 

(o)Mn omission 

Nn known, none, notion 

Pn pen, pain 

Rn earn, oration 

rn rain, ration. 

Sn session 

Tn ten 

T-Nn attention 

Vn vain, evasion, vision 

F oe V hooks. 

Bv above 

Df differ-ent-ence. 

Gv gave (Gr = give), govern-ment, 

Hf half. 

Lv leave. 

Mv move. 

Mp2v improve. 

Pv pave. 



22 



rf 


rough. 


Tf 


tough. 


Shv 


shave. 


Wv 


wave. 




W (h) HOOKS. 


w'ch 


which. 


w'F 


wife. 


wJ 


wedge. 


w'K 


week. 


w'L 


well, while (h-L-whole). 


w'Mn 


woman, (e) women. 


wN 


when, one. 


w'Nt 


went, want, wont. 


w'-NTd 


wanted. 


w'Ng 


wing. 


w'r 


where, were. 


w'rd 


word. 


w'T 


wait. 


w'Th2 


whither, weather. 


w'T2 


water. 


w'r-Ld 


(backward) world. 




Half Lengths. 


Bt 


but. 


Cht 


cheat. 


Dd 


did, date, debt, do it. 


D(e)d 


deed. 


D(i)d 


died. 


Ft 


after, fate. 


Gt 


get, got (insert vowel when necessary). 


Hd 


head, hate, hat. 


Hid 


hold, held. 


Jd 


aged. 


Kt 


quite, could. 



23 



Lt 


let, late. 


Mt 


might, made. 


Nd 


end, under, not, note. 


Pt 


put. 


Rt 


art. 


h-Rt 


heart, hurt, heard. 


rD 


read. 


r-T 


write, wrote. 


rt 


writ, rate. 


St 


east. 


St-R 


establish-ment. 


St-N 


astonish-ment. 


Tt 


at it. 


Tht 


that, thought. 


Nt 


note. 


Wd 


wood. 


Yt 


yet. 


Zt 


was it, used. 


Combinations of Compound Sty 


N-Dd 


hundred. 


P-rt-n.T 


opportunity. 


P-rt 


part. 


P-rt-K12 


particular. 


sP2s 


surprise. 


N-K2 


enquire-y. 


K2-T 


character. 


K2-n 


corn. 


B-Gn 


begin, begun, began. . 


, 


(Insert vowels if necessary). 


Dnfr 


do not. 


Knt 


cannot. 


T-Rd 


toward. 


B-Hnd 


behind. 



2i 



sMtM-s 


sometimes. 


sMt-M 


same time. 


sMt 


somewhat. 


Hnd 


hand. 


r-Gd 


regard. 


K2-T2 


quarter. 


F2wNt 


frequent. 


Jut 


gentleman, gentlemen. 


(Insert e in gentlemen, when necessary). 


M-s-K 


mistake. 


K-S-D2 


consider. 


s-K-s-Tns 


circumstance. 


r-KL-E 


recollect. 


St-rD 


yesterday. 


K-Dn 


condition. 


K-T2 


contract. 


K-S-T2 


construct. 


N-ss-r 


necessary. 




NEGATIVES AND PLURALS. 


Where '• 


im," u un," "ir," etc., are prefixec 



immaterial, unnecessary, irrelevant, the prefix may be 
expressed by M, N, or R prefixed (although the sound 
is obscure) or by the vowel i. 

In words derived from " man " the plural shonld be 
indicated by inserting e. 

TRIPLE LENGTH. 

The triple length straight strokes represent BrB, 
ChrCh, DrD, GrG, Jr J, KrK, PrP, rrr, and TrT. These 
are indicated by B3, Ch3, etc. 

The triple length curves represent Frr, Hrr, Mrr, Nrr, 
etc., indicated by F3, H3, etc. 



25 

Triple lengths are used as in writing the following 
words: 

Ch3 church. T3 treat. 

D3 dread. Sh3 surer. 

G3-T aggregate. Th3 there are. 

J3 George. M3 mirror. 

K3 correct. N3 nearer. 

P3 prop. K13 clerk. 

PHRASES. 

Words of common occurrence may be joined, form- 
ing phrases. 

The word signs for /, the, and, of, on, all, or and 
how, are joined to preceding or following words. 

When the stands alone, the dot should be used; when 
joined, the most convenient of the oblique ticks for of 
or on is used. The construction of the sentence indi- 
cates whether the tick used represents the, of or on. 

ss represents is as, as is, is his or as has. 

st repressnts is it, as it and has it. 

str represents is there. 

The principles of modification of strokes are used as 
follows: 

R (double length) adds are, or or our. 

L (hook) adds all or will. 

N (hook) adds own, one or than. 

F or v (hook) adds of, have, or to have. 

T or D (half length) adds it, ought or to. 

Nt (hook and half length) adds not. 

W (hook) prefixes we, what or with. 

When in is followed by a word beginning with r, N2 
may be used to represent in r-. 

Either sign for you may be used, as convenience of 
joining may demand. 



26 



The J 


Allowing list shows 


the application of these p 


ciples: 










ss-N 


as soon 




M2n 


more than. 


ss-D 


is said, as 


said 


sMn 


some one. 


ss 


is as, as is 


is his, as Nn 


no one. 




has 




r-Th2-n 


.rather than. 


St 


is it, as it, has it 


s-N2-n 


sooner than. 


str 


is there 




Blv 


able to have. 


B2 


be our, by 


our 


s-D-v 


said to have. 


Ch2 


each are 




s-Ch-v 


such have. 


w'Ch2 


which are 


, which w'Ch-v 


which have. 




our 




H-v 


who have. 


D2 


do our 




K-v 


can have. 


F2 


if our 




L-v 


all of. 


G2 


give our 




M-v 


may have. 


H2 


who are 




s-M-v 


some of. 


M2 


may our 




R-v 


are to have, 


Mb2 


may be our 


T-v 


out of, ought 


N2 


know our, 


knowor 




have. 


P2 


up or 




Thy 


they have. 


R2 


are oui 




Bt 


be it. 


r2 


are our 




Bit 


able to. 


S2 


so our 




w'Cht 


which it, whi 


T2 


at our 






ought. 


Th2 


they are 




sDt 


said to. 


V2 


haveour 




Ft 


if it. 


w'N2 


one or 




G-Ngt 


going to. 


Chi 


each will. 




Ht 


had it, had to. 


Fl 


if all. 




Kt 


can it, come to. 


HI 


who will. 




K-Ngt 


coming to. 


Nl 


in all. 




Lt 


will it, 


rl 


are all. 




Mt 


may it, am to. 


Tl 


it will. 




Nt 


know it. 


Thl 


they will. 




Pt 


up to. 



to 



j 



27 



H2n 


her own. 


Rt 


are to, or it. 


w'Chn 


which one. 


Tt 


at it. 


Mn 


my own. 


Vt 


have it, have to. 


Bnt 


be not. 


w'L 


we will 


Dnt 


do not. 


w'M 


with me, we may 


Hnt 


had not. 


w'N 


we know, with no 


sDnt 


said not. 


w'r 


we are, with our 


Mnt 


may not, am not. 


wT 


with it 


Nnt 


know not, known it wTh 


with them 


Hnt 


are not, or not. 


wT 


what have 


rnt 


are not, or not. 


wY 


what year 


Shnt 


shall not. 


N2-sP 


in respect 


Tnt 


ought not. 


N2-Ln 


(backward) in rela- 


Thnt 


they not. 




tion 


w'D 


we do, what do. 


N2-Gd 


in regard 


w'F 


what if. 


w 7 rs-P 


with respect 


w'G 


we give, we go. 


w'r-Ln 


with relation 


w'H (or 


u we "H) —we hac 


l,w'r-Gd 


with regard 




with whom. 


w'Mb 


we may be 


w'K 


we can, we come. 


w'Mb2 


we may be there 



The following examples show the appearance of 
phrases of small characters, and gives some examples of 
the omission of connecting words readily supplied, a 
principle which may be extended in practice as the 
experience of each writer may prove advisable. 



COMMON PHRASES. 



Sign. 



Value. 



I am. 
can I. 
the way. 
in the. 

the day. 
a day. 
have a. 

and it. 

and the. 

of the, of him. 

at the, at him. 

on the, on him. 
on a. 

he said. 

of us. 

at us, at nis. 
is it not. 
has it been, 
is there no. 
he will. 
I will. 

we have, 
you have. 



Sign. 



Value. 



said to him. 
said to me. 
we had. 
had not it. 
with us, with his. 

do you. 

don't you. 
had not you. 

you may. 
you shall, 
with him, with the. 

one of them, 
one of the most. 

half a dozen. 

quarter of a mile, 
up to the time. 

yes sir. 

day of the week. 

don't remember. 

time of day. 
time and again. 

because they are. 
in reference. 



29 



HINTS FOR PRACTICE. 

The use of phrases should never be extended be- 
yond the limits of legibility. In order to preserve leg- 
ibility while securing the real benefits of phrasing, 
attention must be paid to a few obvious principles. 

The ticks for I, he, a, and, the, of, to, on, or; and the 
semi-circles for we, with, what, would and you, being 
readily distinguishable as distinct words, even when 
joined to strokes, may be freely joined to preceding or 
following words, whenever they make a convenient 
joining. 

Common words whose forms are well known, occur- 
ring in their usual and natural connection and order, 
may be freely joined as long as it is easier to join than 
to disconnect the words. 

Phrases should not be allowed to wander far above or 
below the line, as more time is lost in changing the 
proper place of writing than gained by avoiding the 
disconnection. 

There should never be any studied effort made to 
form phrases, as such efforts result generally in the for- 
mation of unnatural combinations difficult to read, for 
the combination which does not naturally occur to the 
mind in writing, will not appear natural in reading. 

Short hand which cannot be easily read is worse than 
useless. It is not true that the speed of short hand de- 
pends upon the number and intricacy of abbreviations 
and the microscopic smallness of the writing, and that 
they should therefore be carried to the very verge of 
distraction and invisibility, or at least of illegibility. 
On the other hand, as in the common English script, 
in which the easiest is the most legible writer, so in 
short hand ease of writing, which is the means of speed, 
is consistent with the highest degree of legibility, and a 



30 

legible and natural style alone is consistent with the 
highest speed. 

The attempt to gain speed by hurried motions, should 
be avoided most carefully. If such motions were the 
means of rapid writing, they could not be continued 
long enough to be of service. An easy, flowing style 
of writing in short band is as advantageous as a similar 
style of writing long hand. When the short hand forms 
of words have become as familiar to the mind as the 
long hand forms, an easy writer can, without hurry or 
confusion, follow the most rapid speaker. 

For the purpose of securing this familiarity, reading 
is even more important than writing in practice. The 
student should, after learning the forms given in this 
book, apply the principles given to the selection of the 
best forms of other words, paying most attention to the 
shortest and commonest words, as, if these are well 
known, so that the word suggests the outline as soon 
as heard, one might almost afford to write the long and 
uncommon words in English script. 

Punctuation is best done by spacing, that is, leaving 
spaces corresponding to the length of grammatical and 
rhetorical pauses. The habit of carrying the hand for- 
ward proportionally to the pauses naturally made in 
speaking is readily formed, and exhibits to the eye in 
reading a more accurate and natural representation of 
the division of a sentence into its parts than any other 
system of punctuation. 

If a clause or sentence is repeated, or often used in 
the same connection, a long horizontal line maybe used 
to donote it where it would be understood. In taking 
testimony, this expedient may be used to denote answers 
which echo the terms of the question. An example 
w r ill make this clearer. 

Question. Do you think you were there before? 






31 

Answer. I think I was there before. 

Q. You are not positive? 

A. I am not positive. 

Q. You could not remember positively at present? 

A. I could not remember positively at present. 

In such a case as the above, the three answers may 
each be represented by a line. 

Questions and answers are best distinguished by writ- 
ing the questions across the full width of the page, and 
writing the answers upon the right hand half or two- 
thirds of the page, leaving a space at the left of the 
answer, which will show its length at a glance, and as- 
sist greatly in rapid and easy reading. 

Where a word or clause is heard indistinctly, atten- 
tion is called to that fact by throwing a light circle or 
ellipse around the u region of doubt." If the doubt is 
subsequently cleared up, and the words appear to have 
been correctly heard, or are properly corrected, the effect 
of the circle may be destroyed by horizontal lines, 
thus: =, indicating certainty. 

When a sentence is broken off and left unfinished, 
that fact should be indicated by a dash, made like a di- 
minuendo in music, thus > . 

The names of the speaker or of counsel in court and 
notes of applause, laughter and interruptions should be en- 
closed in circles or parentheses, made heavy, so as to catch 
the eye if it is desired to refer to any part of a report. 

Transcription. — Where it is desirable to transcribe 
a large amount from short-hand into long-hand, three 
methods are used. The notes may be read by others 
who are familiar with the system, and for this purpose 
notes intended to be used in this way should be written 
on loose sheets of paper previously numbered or in 
small books of which a number may be filled, or the 
books should he so made that they may be. divided into 



32 

parts; the original notes may be read to other writers 
by the reporter, and transcribed by them; or the reporter 
may dictate to two or three long-hand writers by giv- 
ing them alternately " takes " of ten or fifteen words, 
and continuing the dictation to each as he calls for more 
by repeating the last word of the preceding " take." In 
the latter method, the reporter reads alternately from 
two or three places as he reads to two or three writers, 
while each writer is engaged upon a certain connected 
portion of the report. 

MATERIALS FOR WRITING. 

The most serviceable instrument for writing is, to 
almost all writers, a new, plain, steel pen, firmly fixed 
in a smooth penholder, of such size as may be best 
adapted to the hand. Where writing is to be continued 
for a long time, it is well to have pens and penholders 
of different sizes ready for use, as it is often a great re- 
lief to the muscles to change from one to another. 

When it is not convenient to use pen and ink, a good 
pencil of No. 2, No. 3 or S. M. grade, sharpened to a 
very fine point, may be used. Coarser and rougher 
paper is adapted to pencil writing; a better quality to 
writing with ink. 

Small books of four by seven, or five by eighd inches, 
opening either at the side or on the top, are probably the 
most convenient for the use of short hand writers. 

If the book opens at the side, only the right hand 
page should be used until the book is written through; 
the book may then be turned around and the pages 
then on the right hand side used, thus filling the book. 
If the book opens on the top of the page, only the 
lower page should be used until it is written through 
one way, and then the book turned around and the 
other pages filled. 






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